Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in oviposition traps used in the integrated control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera:Culicidae).

BACKGROUND: Egg collection traps have been studied to assist in the integrated control of arbovirus vectors. Many enhancements have been made over the years. METHODS: This study evaluated the use of a hydrated superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in the egg collection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ovitraps. An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the minimum concentration of the product to be used in traps in the field to prevent the development of larvae into adults. In the field, the use of polymers has been evaluated using a traditional model of ovitraps. The positive ovitrap index and mean number of eggs per trap indicator were calculated. RESULTS: In the laboratory, the larvae did not successfully develop to the adult stage, even at the lowest SAP concentration. In the field, the results showed that ovitraps with SAP proved to be effective for egg collection from both species. It was possible to identify sites with the highest concentration of species and expose the ovitraps for a longer period without larval development. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for studies on the adequacy of this technology for control programs. However, the results showed that ovitraps with hydrogel were potentiated to capture eggs, configuring themselves as another tool for vector control.

Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in oviposition traps used in the integrated control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera:Culicidae)

ABSTRACT Background: Egg collection traps have been studied to assist in the integrated control of arbovirus vectors. Many enhancements have been made over the years. Methods: This study evaluated the use of a hydrated superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in the egg collection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ovitraps. An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the minimum concentration of the product to be used in traps in the field to prevent the development of larvae into adults. In the field, the use of polymers has been evaluated using a traditional model of ovitraps. The positive ovitrap index and mean number of eggs per trap indicator were calculated. Results: In the laboratory, the larvae did not successfully develop to the adult stage, even at the lowest SAP concentration. In the field, the results showed that ovitraps with SAP proved to be effective for egg collection from both species. It was possible to identify sites with the highest concentration of species and expose the ovitraps for a longer period without larval development. Conclusions: There is a need for studies on the adequacy of this technology for control programs. However, the results showed that ovitraps with hydrogel were potentiated to capture eggs, configuring themselves as another tool for vector control.

Monitoring Leishmania infantum Infections in Female Lutzomyia longipalpis by Using DNA Extraction on Cation Exchange Paper and PCR Pool Testing

Visceral leishmaniasis remains a serious public health issue, and Brazil was among the seven countries with the highest prevalence of this disease worldwide. The measures to control this disease are not easily developed, and the improvement of its diagnosis, surveillance, and control is still needed. This study aimed to carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis of Leishmania infantum in vector samples in some municipalities of the State of São Paulo, which included two municipalities with human disease transmission and two with dog transmission only. Vectors were collected in traps with luminous bait. Next, they were killed at -4 °C and kept in 70% alcohol. Groups of ten female insects (pools) were mashed on cation exchange paper (fine cellulose phosphate with 18 µEq/cm² ionic exchange capacity) for DNA extraction. The PCR was carried out to identify the natural infection of the Leishmania genus in female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. Longipalpis). Out of the 3,880 Lu. longipalpis phlebotomines, 1060 were female and 2820 were male (3:1). The method used to extract the DNA in pools of ten phlebotomines and the PCR resulted in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, and faster analyses when compared to the individual analysis method. The procedure described can be used on a large scale in the leishmaniasis epidemiological surveillance, enabling a higher number of analyses and the optimization of human resources because the traditional diagnostic method is carried out via desiccation of the insect digestive system and microscopic examination, which is time-demanding and there is the need of manual skills.

Distribuição espacial da concentração de casos de Leishmaniose Tegumentar em municípios da Região de Campinas e as considerações sobre os limites espaciais das Sub-bacias Hidrográficas para construção do cenário da Vigilância Entomológica nesta Região / Spatial distribution of the concentration of tegumentary Leishmaniasis cases in municipalities in the Region of Campinas and the considerations on the spatial limits of the Hydrographic Sub-basins for the construction of the scenario of the Entomological Surveillance in this Region

Durante vários anos de transmissão de Leishmaniose tegumentar na região de Campinas-SP, alguns municípios apresentaram elevado número de casos em relação a esta região. Os principais municípios foram estudados, considerando os limites espaciais das Sub-bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Principais e a concentração de casos avaliada pelo estimador de Kernel no contexto das relações ecológicas do modelo mancha-corredormatriz como relevantes para estabelecer o cenário para Vigilância Entomológica da doença nesta região. Os resultados demonstraram que 86% (6/7) dos principais "pontos quentes" de casos e 77,6% (38/49) das Sub-bacias Hidrográficas com ocorrência de casos, os Rios Principais estavam presentes. Os resultados observados neste estudo sugeriram maior permeabilidade da matriz para ocorrência da doença em mosaicos com a presença dos Rios Principais e reforça a necessidade de considerar os limites espaciais das Sub-bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Principais para elaboração dos cenários da Vigilância Entomológica da doença nesta Região.

Leishmaniose Visceral Canina: Razão de Prevalência e distribuição espacial do risco para infecção no município de São Pedro, estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Prevalence Ratio and spatial distribution of the risk for infection in the municipality of São Pedro, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Introdução: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença de transmissão vetorial com ampla distribuição geográfica no mundo. No Brasil, ocorre a forma zoonótica tendo no cão (Canis familiares) o seu principal reservatório. Objetivo: Analisar a Razão de Prevalência (RP) de cães soropositivos para L. infantum em áreas com diferentes quantidades de cães por imóvel, e a distribuição espacial do Risco Relativo (RR) para infecção por L. infantum por Setor Censitário do município de São Pedro­SP Métodos: Foram analisadas amostras de 1.283 cães distribuídos em 710 imóveis de uma região composta por dez Setores Censitários do município de São Pedro-SP, no ano de 2016. Os resultados sorológicos dos cães positivos foram confirmados por meio da concordância positiva dos testes imunocromatográfico rápido em dupla plataforma (DPP®) e Ensaio de Imunoabsorção Enzimática(ELISA) realizados em laboratório de referência estadual com amostras de inquérito sorológico canino, como atividade do Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral do estado de São Paulo. A RP foi obtida por regressão binomial negativa Tipo I, e a distribuição espacial do risco RR por estimador bayesiano empírico global. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados demonstraram que, em média, a cada cão adicional por imóvel, a RP aumenta em 63% o risco de infecção por L.infantum. Em dois Setores Censitários houve acréscimo médio de 10% para a infecção e, em um Setor Censitário, o acréscimo médio foi de 20%. Conclusões: Conclui-se que as ações de vigilância e controle para leishmaniose visceral vigentes no país devem ser priorizadas e intensificadas nos imóveis e nos Setores Censitários identificados por este estudo como sendo de maior risco para LVC.

Phenotype evaluation of human and canine isolates of Leishmania infantum.

Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in countries of South and Central America are caused by Leishmania infantum and has been endemic in Brazil for several years. The parasite biodiversity as well as the pharmacologic properties of drugs and the host species, are involved in the efficacy or inefficacy of leishmaniasis treatments. Although there are substantial number of reports describing the genetic characterization of the clinical field isolates of L. infantum,the phenotypic parameters have been less studied. In this study isolates from human and canine leishmaniasis (Hum1 and Can1) obtained in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil were identified as L. infantum. The Hum1 and Can1 isolates exhibited typical promastigote growth pattern. Regarding morphological features Can1 isolate differed in cell size. The infectivity in vitro of both isolatesis lower compared to the reference strain of L. infantum. Moreover, the in vivo infectivity of the three parasites is similar in Balb/c mice. The Hum1 isolate is more sensitive to leishmanial drugs (amphotericin B, miltefosine and glucantime) than the Can1 isolate when inside human macrophages, but not when inside canine macrophages. These findings indicated that L. infantum isolates differs in some phenotypic characteristics.

Classificação epidemiológica dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo segundo o Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral, 2017 / Epidemiological classification of the municipalities of the Stat e of São Paulo according to the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Surveillance Program, 2017

Foi realizado um estudo descritivo dos casos de Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) notificados no período de 1999 a 2017 no Estado de São Paulo (ESP). Para a classificação epidemiológica dos municípios com transmissão humana de LV foram seguidas as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde1 que considera: "Municípios com transmissão recente aqueles que apresentaram o primeiro registro da doença nos últimos três anos" e "Municípios endêmicos aqueles que apresentam transmissão contínua de LV humana há pelo menos três anos

Reflexões sobre cenários, vigilância epidemiológica e controle da transmissão de leishmaniose visceral no estado de São Paulo / Analysis of epidemiological scenarios and the relationship with surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of São Paulo

Diferenças regionais nos padrões de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral tem se constituído ao longo do tempo em diferentes cenários para enfrentamento da doença no estado de São Paulo. Entre 1999 a 2016, Lutzomyia longipalpis foi detectado em 95,8% (137/143) dos municípios com transmissão humana, canina ou ambas. Todavia, a ocorrência de casos humanos em município do litoral e aumento de casos caninos na região metropolitana de São Paulo sem detecção do vetor, sugere novos desafios à vigilância e ao controle da doença. No oeste do estado, prevalece à forma clássica de transmissão com 19,70% (13/66) dos municípios prioritários, acumulando 63,8% (245/384) dos casos no triênio 2015-2016-2017. Esse padrão epidemiológico é compatível com a regra empírica 80/20. Alguns destes municípios houve remissão da transmissão, porem com posterior aumento no decorrer dos anos. Desse modo conclui-se que a vigilância e o controle da leishmaniose visceral terá como desafio a busca por novas ferramentas para o enfrentamento da transmissão nos diversos cenários e para o efetivo controle da doença.

Regional characteristics influence the patterns of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis revealing over time different scenarios for the control of the disease in the state of São Paulo. Between 1999 and 2016, Lutzomyia longipalpis was detected in 95.8% (137/143) of the municipalities with human, canine or both transmissions. However, the occurrence of human cases in a new municipality and an increase in canine cases in the metropolitan region of São Paulo without detection of the vector suggest new challenges to surveillance and control of the disease. In the western part of the state, the classic form of transmission prevails with 19.70% (13/66) of the priority municipalities, accumulating 63.8% (245/384) of cases in the triennium 2015-2016-2017. This epidemiological pattern is compatible with the 80/20 empirical rule. Some of these municipalities had remission of the transmission with a subsequent increase in the number of cases over the years. Thus, it is concluded that the surveillance and control system of visceral leishmaniasis should seek new tools for coping with transmission in the various scenarios and for effective control of the disease.

Reflexões sobre cenários, vigilância epidemiológica e controle da transmissão de leishmaniose visceral no estado de São Paulo / Analysis of epidemiological scenarios and the relationship with surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of São Paulo

Diferenças regionais nos padrões de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral tem se constituído ao longo do tempo em diferentes cenários para enfrentamento da doença no estado de São Paulo. Entre 1999 a 2016, Lutzomyia longipalpis foi detectado em 95,8% (137/143) dos municípios com transmissão humana, canina ou ambas. Todavia, a ocorrência de casos humanos em município do litoral e aumento de casos caninos na região metropolitana de São Paulo sem detecção do vetor, sugere novos desafios à vigilância e ao controle da doença. No oeste do estado, prevalece à forma clássica de transmissão com 19,70% (13/66) dos municípios prioritários, acumulando 63,8% (245/384) dos casos no triênio 2015-2016-2017. Esse padrão epidemiológico é compatível com a regra empírica 80/20. Alguns destes municípios houve remissão da transmissão, porem com posterior aumento no decorrer dos anos. Desse modo conclui-se que a vigilância e o controle da leishmaniose visceral terá como desafio a busca por novas ferramentas para o enfrentamento da transmissão nos diversos cenários e para o efetivo controle da doença.

Regional characteristics influence the patterns of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis revealing over time different scenarios for the control of the disease in the state of São Paulo. Between 1999 and 2016, Lutzomyia longipalpis was detected in 95.8% (137/143) of the municipalities with human, canine or both transmissions. However, the occurrence of human cases in a new municipality and an increase in canine cases in the metropolitan region of São Paulo without detection of the vector suggest new challenges to surveillance and control of the disease. In the western part of the state, the classic form of transmission prevails with 19.70% (13/66) of the priority municipalities, accumulating 63.8% (245/384) of cases in the triennium 2015-2016-2017. This epidemiological pattern is compatible with the 80/20 empirical rule. Some of these municipalities had remission of the transmission with a subsequent increase in the number of cases over the years. Thus, it is concluded that the surveillance and control system of visceral leishmaniasis should seek new tools for coping with transmission in the various scenarios and for effective control of the disease.

Leishmaniose visceral no estado de São Paulo: Tendência geral da letalidade entre 1999 a 2013 e o risco de óbitos por estratificação epidemiológica dos municípios e regionais de Vigilância Epidemiológica entre 2011 a 2013 / Visceral leishmaniasis in the state of São Paulo: General trend of lethality from 1999 to 2013 and the risk of death by epidemiological stratification of the municipalities and regional Epidemiological Surveillance between 2011-2013

A letalidade por leishmaniose visceral no estado de São Paulo tem oscilado no decorrer dos anos. Entre 2011 a 2013 vários municípios apresentaram casos e óbitos em diversas regionais de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Nesse sentido foi realizado um estudo para analisar a tendência geral da letalidade entre 1999 a 2013 e o risco de óbitos por estratificação epidemiológica dos municípios e regionais de Vigilância Epidemiológica entre 2011 a 2013. Para análise da letalidade geral foi utilizado o Modelo Linear Generalizado (MLG) com distribuição binomial (logit). Para o risco de óbito por estratificação epidemiológica dos municípios e regionais de Vigilância Epidemiológica foi utilizado à regressão logística. Adicionalmente foi verificada a aderência da concentração de casos por municípios à distribuição logarítmica zero ajustado (ZALG). A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Os resultados mostraram uma discreta diminuição da letalidade geral, porém sem significância estatística. Entre 2011 a 2013 foram identificados 58 municípios com transmissão autóctone no estado de São Paulo. O risco de óbitos para municípios de transmissão intensa e moderada foram maiores, porém sem significância estatística. Quando analisados por regionais de Vigilância Epidemiológica, três regionais se destacaram significativamente quanto ao risco de óbitos: Jales, São José do Rio Preto e Araçatuba. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que o risco de óbitos é maior nestas regiões independente da estratificação epidemiológica dos municípios, justificando que atividades de vigilância e controle devam ser intensificadas...

Classificação epidemiológica dos municípios segundo o programa de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral no Estado de São Paulo, dezembro de 2014 / Epidemiological classification of municipalities according to the visceral leishmaniasis surveillance and control program in the state of São Paulo, December 2014

Ainda com relação aos municípios com transmissão humana, foram considerados parâmetros utilizados pelo MS4 que consideram a média de casos num período de três anos consecutivos. Município com média menor que 2,4 casos é estratificado como "Transmissão Esporádica", média entre 2,4 casos a <4,4 casos como "Transmissão Moderada" e média ≥ 4,4 casos como "Transmissão Intensa". A partir dessa estratificação, que é avaliada anualmente, municípios com transmissão moderada e intensa são considerados como "Prioritários" para as ações do PVCLV...(AU)

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Dracena, a city in the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, that is endemic with visceral leishmaniasis

Introduction Vector seasonality knowledge is important for monitoring and controlling of vector-borne diseases. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) is the main vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908, which is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. Methods Lu. longipalpis was monitored for 3 consecutive nights each month using light traps from the Centers for Disease Control in the peridomiciles and intradomiciles of 18 residences from January 2005 to December 2012 in the urban area of Dracena, a medium-sized city located in the western region of São Paulo, Brazil. Results A total of 54,820 Lu. longipalpis specimens were collected, and the proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the peridomiciles than in the intradomiciles (p<0.05) in all 8 years of the study, except for 2005. The vector was present in all study years in the 9 sub-regions of the city, and the male/female ratio ranged from 3.19 to 4.26. The greatest vector abundance occurred in the first semester and peaked in March, confirming its seasonality. Conclusions The maintenance of this high abundance over an 8-year surveillance period demonstrates the vector adaptation to the urban conditions of the city. These characteristics present a major challenge for preventing human and canine contact with the vector and, consequently, controlling the spread of disease. .

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Dracena, a city in the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, that is endemic with visceral leishmaniasis.

INTRODUCTION: Vector seasonality knowledge is important for monitoring and controlling of vector-borne diseases. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) is the main vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908, which is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. METHODS: Lu. longipalpis was monitored for 3 consecutive nights each month using light traps from the Centers for Disease Control in the peridomiciles and intradomiciles of 18 residences from January 2005 to December 2012 in the urban area of Dracena, a medium-sized city located in the western region of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 54,820 Lu. longipalpis specimens were collected, and the proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the peridomiciles than in the intradomiciles (p<0.05) in all 8 years of the study, except for 2005. The vector was present in all study years in the 9 sub-regions of the city, and the male/female ratio ranged from 3.19 to 4.26. The greatest vector abundance occurred in the first semester and peaked in March, confirming its seasonality. CONCLUSIONS: The maintenance of this high abundance over an 8-year surveillance period demonstrates the vector adaptation to the urban conditions of the city. These characteristics present a major challenge for preventing human and canine contact with the vector and, consequently, controlling the spread of disease.

The distribution pattern of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the peridomiciles of a sector with canine and human visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the municipality of Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil.

The specimen distribution pattern of a species can be used to characterise a population of interest and also provides area-specific guidance for pest management and control. In the municipality of Dracena, in the state of São Paulo, we analysed 5,889 Lutzomyia longipalpis specimens collected from the peridomiciles of 14 houses in a sector where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is transmitted to humans and dogs. The goal was to analyse the dispersion and a theoretical fitting of the species occurrence probability. From January-December 2005, samples were collected once per week using CDC light traps that operated for 12-h periods. Each collection was considered a sub-sample and was evaluated monthly. The standardised Morisita index was used as a measure of dispersion. Adherence tests were performed for the log-series distribution. The number of traps was used to adjust the octave plots. The quantity of Lu. longipalpis in the sector was highly aggregated for each month of the year, adhering to a log-series distribution for 11 of the 12 months analysed. A sex-stratified analysis demonstrated a pattern of aggregated dispersion adjusted for each month of the year. The classes and frequencies of the traps in octaves can be employed as indicators for entomological surveillance and AVL control.

The distribution pattern of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the peridomiciles of a sector with canine and human visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the municipality of Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil

The specimen distribution pattern of a species can be used to characterise a population of interest and also provides area-specific guidance for pest management and control. In the municipality of Dracena, in the state of São Paulo, we analysed 5,889 Lutzomyia longipalpis specimens collected from the peridomiciles of 14 houses in a sector where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is transmitted to humans and dogs. The goal was to analyse the dispersion and a theoretical fitting of the species occurrence probability. From January-December 2005, samples were collected once per week using CDC light traps that operated for 12-h periods. Each collection was considered a sub-sample and was evaluated monthly. The standardised Morisita index was used as a measure of dispersion. Adherence tests were performed for the log-series distribution. The number of traps was used to adjust the octave plots. The quantity of Lu. longipalpis in the sector was highly aggregated for each month of the year, adhering to a log-series distribution for 11 of the 12 months analysed. A sex-stratified analysis demonstrated a pattern of aggregated dispersion adjusted for each month of the year. The classes and frequencies of the traps in octaves can be employed as indicators for entomological surveillance and AVL control.